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Контрольная работа №3 по теме: Моя специальность
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст “Social Mobility and Social Inequality” by Susan Robertson from https://openpress.usask.ca/soc111/chapter/module-7-social-stratification-and-social-inequality/
Social Mobility and Social Inequality
Social mobility refers to the ability to change positions within a social stratification system. When people improve or diminish their economic status in a way that affects social class, they experience social mobility. This is a key concept in determining whether inequalities of condition limit people’s life chances or whether we can meaningfully speak of the existence of equality of opportunity in a society. A high degree of social mobility, upwards or downwards, would suggest that the stratification system of a society is in fact open (i.e., that there is equality of opportunity).
Upward mobility refers to an increase — or upward shift — in social class. In Canada, people applaud the rags-to-riches achievements of celebrities like Guy Laliberte who went from street busking in Quebec to being the CEO of Cirque du Soleil, with a net worth of $2.5 billion. Actor and comedian Jim Carey lived with his family in camper van at one point growing up in Scarborough, Ontario. Ron Joyce was a beat policemen in Hamilton before he co-founded Tim Hortons. CEO of Magna International Frank Stronach immigrated to Canada from Austria in 1955 with only $50 to his name. There are many stories of people from modest beginnings rising to fame and fortune. But the truth is that relative to the overall population, the number of people who launch from poverty to wealth is very small. Still, upward mobility is not only about becoming rich and famous. In Canada, people who earn a university degree, get a job promotion, or marry someone with a good income may move up socially.
Downward mobility indicates a lowering of one’s social class. Some people move downward because of business setbacks, unemployment, or illness. Dropping out of school, losing a job, or becoming divorced may result in a loss of income or status and, therefore, downward social mobility.
Intergenerational mobility explains a difference in social class between different generations of a family. For example, an upper-class executive may have parents who belonged to the middle class. In turn, those parents may have been raised in the lower class. Patterns of intergenerational mobility can reflect long-term societal changes.
Intragenerational mobility describes a difference in social class between different members of the same generation. For example, the wealth and prestige experienced by one person may be quite different from that of his or her siblings.
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Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы. Перескажите текст.
1. What is social mobility? Social mobility is ability to change positions within a social stratification system.
2. What is upward mobility? Upward mobility is increase in social class.
3. What is downward mobility? Downward mobility is lowering in social class.
4. What is the difference between intergenerational mobility and intragenerational mobility? Intergenerational mobility is mobility between different generations. Intragenerational mobility is mobility between persons of the same generation.
5. Do many Canadians believe in equality of opportunity? Many Canadians believe that people move up in class because of individual efforts and move down by their own doing.
6. How is social mobility measured? Social mobility is measured by comparing either the occupational status or the earnings between parents and children.
7. What is the difference between social mobility in Canada and the USA?
There is a much lower degree of social mobility in the United States than in Canada.
8. What is earnings elasticity and how does it vary across countries?
Intergenerational earnings elasticity gives a percentage figure that indicates the degree to which fathers’ income predicts sons’ income. In USA earnings elasticity is higher than in Canada, while in Scandinavia it is lower than in Canada.
9. Does Canada really have a perfect social system? No. Canada by no means has “perfect” social mobility or equality of opportunity.
10. What is your personal opinion on the issues analyzed in the text? These issues are very essential and rather complicated.
11. How can you analyze the key concepts of the text with the reference to your country? I don"t have all necessary data on Russia yet.
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Задание 6. Ответьте на вопросы, исходя из материалов лекции.
1. What is a recent study of Broadbent Institute devoted to? It is devoted to the wealth distribution survey in Canada.
2. How was the total population of Canada represented? 20 % the richest, 20 % the poorest, and between them there is middle class.
3. How did the Canadians think wealth should be divided? They think wealth distribution should be much fairer and more balanced.
4. How did the Canadians think wealth is actually distributed? They think wealth distribution is a lot unequal. But they vastly underestimate actual level of wealth inequality.
5. What do people think about the difference between these two measurements? They don"t like it.
6. What turned out to be the real wealth distribution in Canada? The richest 20 % own 10 times the wealth of the poorest 20 %.
7. How much wealth do half of the Canadians own? They own less than 6 % of the wealth.
8. What part of the population in Canada owns financial assets? Top 10 % hold 60 % of all financial assets.
9. How much wealth does the top 1 per cent own? This 1 % owns nearly 20 % of all wealth.
10. What was reduced dramatically since the 1980s? Social spending in Canada reduced dramatically since the 1980s.
11. Does the narrator think inequality is something inevitable? Whatever narrator thinks, inequality of some level is inevitable. Its level matters.
12. What do you personally think about social inequality? I think social inequality must be as least as possible.
13. How can you analyze the key concepts of the video with the reference to your country? Sorry, I don"t have all necessary data for such analyzing.
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Задание 9. Напишите сочинение о себе и своей будущей профессии. Используйте следующие выражения.
I am a second year student of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture
In 2024 I was admitted to Saint Petersburg State University of Culture
My major is organising culture events.
I am doing a degree in organising culture events.
I have chosen this specialty because I like to organise various festivals, parties etc.
My job involves collecting of talented people together.
I am particularly interested in music festivals.
I am responsible for good studying and arranging art activities.
What appeals to me is creative freedom.
It is essential to be open-minded and forward-thinking.
In the future I hope to be art director.
Задание 9. Прочитайте объявление. Напишите резюме и сопроводительное письмо ……………………………………….